Abstract: In recent years, the emergence of biological sensing technology has greatly promoted the development of bio-medical science, analytical chemistry, environment and other fields. Nanomaterials are often used as carrier materials and signal molecules due to their special physical and chemical properties. In this article optical biological sensing systems based on gold nanoparticles, quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, silica nanoparticles and their application in the biochemical analysis are introduced. Analysis and discussion on the principle and practical application of the system, and the prospects of research and application are given.