Abstract: Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify bryophyte that breeds on the surface of earthen archaeological site in Tang west market, and it was identified as Hyophila setschwanica (Broth.). On this basis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were used to analyze five soil samples within the site, the results showed that the soil of the site is calcareous soil, and the soil moisture content was up to 23%, and pH was weakly alkaline. The soil environment provides a favorable condition for the reproduction of Hyophila setschwanica, leading to its widespread occurrence, which fully explained the root causes of the vigorous growth of Hyophila setschwanica, and thus provides some theoretical basis for the late effective treatment of the disease.